A multivariate pattern analysis demonstrated significant changes in the medial frontal cortex, the left and right paracingulate cortex, the subcallosal cortex, the left frontal pole, the caudate, and the left nucleus accumbens. In particular, seed-to-voxel analyses revealed an increased functional connectivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The fMRI results demonstrated increased functional connectivity in brain areas responsible for inhibitory control, action outcomes monitoring, and self-regulation. Results showed that improvements in drumming performance were associated with a significant reduction in hyperactivity and inattention difficulties in drummers compared to controls. Each session included a drumming assessment, an MRI scan, and a parent completing questionnaires relating to the participants’ behavioral difficulties. All participants attended a testing session before and after the 8-wk period. The drum group received individual drum tuition (two lessons per week over an 8-wk period), while the control group did not. Thirty-six autistic adolescents were recruited and randomly assigned to one of two groups. This current study aimed to investigate the impact of drum training on behavior and brain function in autistic adolescents with no prior drumming experience.
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